Sodium Hyaluronate (HA)

Main actions:

• Natural moisturizer present in tears

• Holds water up to 1000× its weight

• Provides viscoelastic protection

• Speeds up corneal epithelial healing

• Reduces inflammation and friction when blinking

Role:

• Long-lasting lubrication

• Improves tear-film stability

• Heals damaged ocular surface

Carboxymethylcellulose (CMC)

Main actions:

• Forms a protective, lubricating layer

• Increases tear retention time

• Binds to corneal epithelial cells

Role:
Immediate relief from dryness, burning
Protects exposed corneal nerves
Reduces symptoms of moderate–severe dry eye

Glycerin

Main actions:

• Acts as a humectant — pulls moisture into the tissue

• Reduces hyperosmolarity in tears

Role:

• Restores moisture balance

• Relieves irritation and foreign-body sensation

• Prevents tear evaporation

L-Carnitine

Main actions:

• Osmoprotectant

• Protects epithelial cells from damage caused by hyperosmolar tears

• Improves cell survival under dryness conditions

Role:

• Prevents osmotic stress on ocular surface

• Reduces inflammation

• Protects tear-producing cells