Resveratrol helps AMD through the following pathways:

Antioxidant effect

• Neutralizes free radicals

• Protects retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells from oxidative damage

• Prevents RPE apoptosis
  Oxidative stress is a major cause of AMD progression.

Anti-inflammatory effect

• Reduces cytokines like IL-6, TNF-α

• Limits chronic inflammation in macula

Anti-angiogenic effect (important for wet AMD)

• Inhibits VEGF expression

• Prevents abnormal blood vessel growth in the retina
  This helps restrict progression of wet AMD.

Activation of SIRT1

• Improves mitochondrial function

• Enhances cellular survival

• Slows age-related degeneration of retinal tissue

Resveratrol may slow progression and protect retinal cells, but does NOT replace anti-VEGF injections for wet AMD.

Role of Resveratrol in Glaucoma

Glaucoma is primarily a neurodegenerative disease of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs).

Resveratrol supports glaucomatous eyes through multiple mechanisms- Neuroprotection

• Protects retinal ganglion cells from apoptosis

• Reduces oxidative stress in optic nerve

• Enhances mitochondrial efficiency

Lowers inflammatory markers by decreases cytokines that contribute to optic nerve damage. Anti-fibrotic effect -May limit fibrosis after glaucoma filtration surgery (shown in animal models).

Improvement in aqueous outflow (theoretical benefit)

• In some studies, resveratrol reduces trabecular meshwork oxidative injury

• This may help improve outflow—but clinical proof is limited.

 Important Notes

• It does not reduce intraocular pressure (IOP) significantly

• It is supportive, not a first-line therapy

• Potential benefit is mainly optic nerve protection

Conclusion:
Resveratrol is considered a potential neuroprotective supplement in glaucoma but not a substitute for IOP-lowering medications.